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Blockchain-Enabled Uncertainty-Aware Passive Wi-Fi Localization for Secure Critical Infrastructure Sensor Networks.

Dmytro Prokopovych-Tkachenko1, Oleksandr Galushchenko2, Olga Torstensson3

  • 1Department of Cybersecurity and Information Technologies, University of Customs and Finance, 4900 Dnipro, Ukraine.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel passive Wi-Fi localization framework for security operations centers. It provides calibrated uncertainty and an auditable data trail, enabling safer automated responses within a 40m range.

Area of Science:

  • Cybersecurity
  • Wireless Networking
  • Sensor Networks

Background:

  • Existing passive Wi-Fi localization methods lack calibrated uncertainty and auditable data trails, hindering automated responses in security operations centers (SOCs).
  • Uncalibrated confidence values in localization systems lead to asymmetric operational costs due to potential erroneous actions or missed escalations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a Blockchain-Enabled Uncertainty-Aware Passive Wi-Fi Localization framework for heterogeneous sensor networks.
  • To address limitations in automated SOC response by providing calibrated uncertainty and evidentiary trust.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a framework combining Bayesian estimation with robust loss functions and range-dependent error modeling.
  • Implemented an uncertainty calibration component converting posterior confidence into SOC response modes (AUTO, VERIFY, OBSERVE) using empirical coverage metrics.
Keywords:
blockchain-based evidentiary loggingcalibrationcritical infrastructure securitydecision thresholdsfilteringlocalizationon-chain/off-chain architecturepermissioned blockchainposterior distributionrobustnesstelemetryuncertaintywireless sensor networks

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  • Integrated a permissioned, hybrid on-chain/off-chain logging layer for tamper-evident auditability and scalability.

    • Main Results:

    • The framework derives a posterior spatial distribution with calibrated uncertainty from passive Wi-Fi observations.
    • Empirical coverage metrics and reliability diagrams were used to calibrate SOC response thresholds.
    • Field validation demonstrated a practical operational validity boundary of approximately 40 meters for confident automated action.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed framework integrates passive sensing, uncertainty-aware localization, and blockchain-based trust for secure critical infrastructure sensor networks.
    • Key contributions include a posterior-distribution-based localization pipeline, empirical metrics for SOC response calibration, and a hybrid ledger architecture.
    • The study establishes a 40m operational validity boundary for the developed passive Wi-Fi localization system.