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Related Concept Videos

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias01:28

Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias

Tachyarrhythmias are a type of dysrhythmia where the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute. Here are some common types of tachyarrhythmias:Sinus TachycardiaSinus tachycardia originates from increased impulses from the sinus node, leading to an elevated heart rate. It is often triggered by stress, fever, or exercise.Patients may experience palpitations, a sensation of a racing heart, dizziness, and chest discomfort.Causes and Risk Factors: Common causes include physical exertion, emotional...
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Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.

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Updated: May 14, 2026

Rat Model of Right-Sided Cardiac Remodeling and Arrhythmia Using Pulmonary Artery Banding
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Published on: August 30, 2024

Left Ventricular Hypertrabeculation and Ventricular Arrhythmias.

Michele Alfieri1,2, Samuele Principi1, Alessandro Barbarossa1

  • 1Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, University Hospital "Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi", 60126 Ancona, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patients with left ventricular hypertrabeculation (LVH) have a high risk of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). Prior VAs, including non-sustained VTs, strongly predict adverse outcomes in these patients.

Keywords:
cardiomyopathyheart failureleft ventricular hypertrabeculationleft ventricular non-compactionsudden cardiac deathventricular fibrillationventricular tachycardia

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Genetics
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Left ventricular hypertrabeculation (LVH), formerly left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC), is a rare condition with unclear pathogenesis.
  • LVH can manifest as heart failure, embolism, or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (VAs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel predictors of potentially fatal VAs in patients diagnosed with LVH.
  • To investigate the relationship between pre-existing VAs and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in LVH patients.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective enrollment of patients meeting echocardiographic or MRI criteria for LVH from October 2009 to December 2023.
  • Primary outcome: composite of sudden cardiac death, sustained VTs (sVTs), ventricular fibrillation (VF), or ICD interventions.
  • Secondary outcome: composite of cardiovascular death and hospitalizations.

Main Results:

  • 64 patients (41 males, mean age 46 ± 19) were followed for a median of 2.2 years.
  • 9.4% experienced a primary composite outcome by eight years, with prior VTs (nsVTs and sVTs) being the strongest predictor.
  • Pre-existing nsVTs and sVTs were significantly associated with the secondary outcome.

Conclusions:

  • LVH is a complex condition with a high incidence of VAs, cardiovascular death, and hospitalizations.
  • VAs occurring before LVH diagnosis are independent predictors of adverse outcomes, regardless of systolic function.