Distribution of Metals During Carbothermic Reduction of Antimony from Sodium Antimonate

In this study, the carbothermic reduction of sodium antimonate in crucible smelting was investigated. The optimal process temperature was determined to be 900 °C, with 10% coke consumption (with an ash content up to 15.33%) and a feed particle size of minus 1 mm. The process does not involve the addition of slag-forming components. Sodium participates in the formation of the slag phase. According to the smelting results, the amount of antimony recovered as crude metal reached 71-72%, while the Sb content in the crude metal reached up to 94.5%. A significant portion of antimony (up to 27%) volatilizes with off-gases. A notable sodium content was detected in the crude antimony, reaching up to 8% in some samples, while more than 80% of sodium was transferred to the slag phase. Arsenic, present in the initial concentrate at a level of 0.6%, was distributed approximately equally among the metallic, slag, and gas phases. Lead was predominantly concentrated in the crude antimony. Iron preferentially dissolved in the crude antimony. Other impurities were distributed in comparable amounts between the metallic and slag phases. Tellurium, present in sodium antimonate at 0.79%, was detected in some samples within the slag phase.