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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Comprehensive Characterization of Tissue Mineralization in an Ex Vivo Model
07:29

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Published on: September 27, 2024

An osteoporotic bone model: developing and validating an ex-vivo bone demineralization protocol.

Fahad Alabdah1,2, Adel Alshammari1,2, Araida Hidalgo-Bastida3

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom.

JBMR Plus
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study developed an ex vivo method using sheep bones to mimic human osteoporosis. Demineralized sheep femurs provide a cost-effective model for testing orthopedic implants and studying bone diseases.

Keywords:
demineralizationex vivo modelmechanical propertiesosteoporosissheep bone

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

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Published on: September 28, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Orthopedic Research
  • Comparative Anatomy

Background:

  • Osteoporosis affects millions globally, leading to millions of hip fractures annually, necessitating total hip replacements.
  • Current orthopedic implant testing relies on costly, time-consuming, and regulated human cadaveric and animal studies.
  • The 3Rs principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) encourages developing alternative testing methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an ex vivo protocol for creating osteoporotic bone models using readily available sheep bones.
  • To evaluate the feasibility of using demineralized sheep femurs as a cost-effective alternative for orthopedic research.
  • To assess the structural and mechanical changes in sheep bone following demineralization.

Main Methods:

  • Sheep femurs were demineralized using hydrochloric acid for varying durations (e.g., 48H, 96H).
  • Bone architecture, mineral density (volumetric BMD), and mechanical properties (Young's modulus, failure load) were analyzed.
  • Trabecular microstructure (thickness, separation, porosity) was quantified.

Main Results:

  • Demineralization progressively reduced mechanical performance and trabecular integrity.
  • Young's modulus decreased significantly with longer demineralization times.
  • Volumetric BMD decreased by approximately 33%, and porosity increased by ~30% in the 96H group.
  • Structural and mechanical properties of demineralized sheep bone align with reported human osteoporotic bone ranges.

Conclusions:

  • Demineralized sheep bone serves as a viable and cost-effective ex vivo model for osteoporosis research.
  • This method offers a promising alternative to traditional animal and cadaveric testing for orthopedic implant evaluation.
  • The protocol effectively mimics key characteristics of human osteoporotic bone, supporting its use in preliminary device testing.