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Sedative and Cardiovascular Effects of Vatinoxan During Medetomidine-Midazolam-Ketamine Administration in Japanese

Moeha Ueki1, Akihisa Kaneko1, Yuto Sawada2

  • 1Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.

Journal of Medical Primatology
|May 14, 2026
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Zenalpha-midazolam-ketamine (ZMK) anesthesia offers improved cardiovascular stability in macaques compared to medetomidine-midazolam-ketamine (MMK). This novel combination provides similar sedative effects while mitigating adverse cardiovascular events.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Anesthesiology
  • Primate Research

Background:

  • Medetomidine-midazolam-ketamine (MMK) is a common anesthesia for macaques.
  • Medetomidine can cause significant cardiovascular side effects.
  • Vatinoxan, a peripherally acting α2-antagonist, may mitigate these effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate a Zenalpha-midazolam-ketamine (ZMK) anesthesia protocol.
  • To compare the sedative and cardiovascular effects of ZMK versus MMK in macaques.

Main Methods:

  • A comparative study design was employed.
  • The ZMK and MMK protocols were administered during routine veterinary examinations.
  • Sedative and cardiovascular parameters were monitored and compared between groups.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in anesthesia duration were observed between ZMK and MMK groups.
  • The ZMK group exhibited significantly higher heart rates.
  • The ZMK group showed significantly lower blood pressures and reduced cardiac valve regurgitation frequency compared to the MMK group.

Conclusions:

  • ZMK anesthesia enhances cardiovascular stability in macaques compared to MMK.
  • Sedative effects are comparable between the two anesthetic protocols.
  • ZMK may represent an improved anesthesia option for Japanese and rhesus macaques.
Keywords:
anesthesiacardiovascularmacaquemedetomidinemonkeysedationzenalpha

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