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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Overview01:20

NMR Spectrometers: Overview

NMR spectrometers consist of a strong magnet, a radiofrequency transmitter, and a detector attached to a computer console for recording spectra of samples containing NMR-active nuclei. In first-generation NMR instruments called continuous-wave spectrometers, the resonance frequencies of the nuclei are determined by frequency-sweep or field-sweep methods. The magnetic field strength is fixed and the rf signal is swept in the former, while the radiofrequency signal is fixed and the magnetic field...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution00:52

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution

At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...

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Real-Time Metabolic Detection in Living Cells Using Hyperpolarized 13C NMR
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Enabling Quantitative Benchtop 13C NMR Spectroscopy in Fast Continuous Flow.

Sarah Mross1,2, Hans Hasse1,2, Kerstin Münnemann1,2

  • 1Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), RPTU, Kaiserslautern, Germany.

Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry : MRC
|May 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) improves quantitative analysis using continuous-flow carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. Combining PRE with PENDANT enhances weak polarization, enabling robust monitoring even at high flow rates.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Continuous-flow benchtop NMR spectroscopy is valuable for reaction monitoring.
  • Proton-1 NMR (¹H NMR) suffers from signal overlap, limiting quantitative accuracy.
  • Carbon-13 NMR (¹³C NMR) offers better resolution but has low sensitivity, especially in fast flow systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overcome the low sensitivity of ¹³C NMR in continuous-flow benchtop systems.
  • To enable robust quantitative analysis using ¹³C NMR spectroscopy at high flow rates.
  • To demonstrate the effectiveness of paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) and PENDANT for improving ¹³C NMR performance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) to boost signal intensity.
  • Employed PENDANT (¹H to ¹³C polarization transfer) to enhance weak ¹³C polarization.
  • Performed quantitative analysis of solvent mixtures (acetonitrile, 1,4-dioxane, ethanol) using continuous-flow ¹³C NMR.

Main Results:

  • PRE effectively overcomes polarization buildup limitations in fast continuous flow.
  • The combination of PRE and PENDANT significantly enhances weak ¹³C polarization.
  • Robust quantitative analysis was achieved with continuous-flow ¹³C NMR, even at high flow rates.

Conclusions:

  • PRE, particularly when combined with PENDANT, enables quantitative analysis with benchtop ¹³C NMR spectroscopy.
  • This approach significantly expands the utility of benchtop NMR for real-time reaction and process monitoring.
  • The method provides a powerful tool for accurate chemical analysis in dynamic systems.