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Related Concept Videos

The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...
Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial...

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Updated: May 22, 2026

Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
03:49

Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System

Published on: September 20, 2018

Period Poverty Awareness.

Courtney Reinisch1, Veronica Betts

  • 1Courtney Reinisch is a professor and Veronica Betts is an assistant professor, both at Montclair State University in Montclair, NJ. Contact author: Courtney Reinisch, reinischc@montclair.edu. The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise.

The American Journal of Nursing
|May 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Period poverty, the lack of access to menstrual products, impacts education and income. This study examines policies to improve menstrual equity for all individuals.

Keywords:
legislationmenstrual equityperiod povertypolicy awarenesspublic health

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Health Policy
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Menstrual health is crucial for overall well-being but often overlooked in public health policy.
  • Period poverty, defined as the inability to afford menstrual products, leads to significant losses in education, income, and dignity.
  • Environmental factors can exacerbate product accessibility issues by influencing pricing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define period poverty and its consequences.
  • To examine existing federal, state, and local policies aimed at addressing menstrual equity.
  • To highlight the role of nurses in advocating for policy changes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of period poverty definitions and impacts.
  • Analysis of current U.S. policies related to menstrual equity in various settings (schools, shelters, prisons).
  • Examination of the intersection of environmental factors, product pricing, and accessibility.

Main Results:

  • The United States lacks comprehensive, unified policies to ensure menstrual equity.
  • Period poverty disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, leading to educational and economic disadvantages.
  • Nurses are uniquely positioned to identify and support individuals affected by period poverty.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing period poverty requires a multi-level policy approach, including federal, state, and local initiatives.
  • Implementing menstrual equity policies is essential for public health and social justice.
  • Increased awareness and education among healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, are vital for effective intervention.