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Related Concept Videos

Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:19

Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias01:29

Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per minute.
Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation
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High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: July 29, 2011

Oscillating Wellens Syndrome: Multiple Transitions Between Type A and Type B Patterns Preceding Anterior Myocardial

Waseem Farooq1, Agnes S Kim1, Heiko Schmitt1

  • 1Department of Cardiology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.

JACC. Case Reports
|May 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A patient experienced chest pressure and evolving Wellens syndrome patterns on ECG, indicating critical coronary artery stenosis. This case highlights dynamic changes in coronary blood flow during myocardial infarction.

Keywords:
acute coronary syndromecoronary angiographyelectrocardiogrammyocardial infarction

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A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
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A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis

Published on: December 28, 2012

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation
09:17

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: July 29, 2011

A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
18:11

A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis

Published on: December 28, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Diagnostic Electrocardiography

Background:

  • Wellens syndrome is a specific electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern indicative of critical proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery stenosis.
  • It is associated with a high risk of anterior myocardial infarction.
  • Recognizing evolving Wellens syndrome patterns is crucial for timely intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a case illustrating dynamic electrocardiographic pattern transitions in Wellens syndrome.
  • To correlate these ECG changes with evolving coronary flow dynamics.
  • To emphasize the clinical significance of serial ECG monitoring in patients with suspected coronary artery disease.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a 48-year-old woman with intermittent chest pressure.
  • Serial electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring to identify Wellens syndrome patterns (Type A and Type B).
  • Coronary angiography and successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for left anterior descending artery stenosis.

Main Results:

  • The patient initially presented with Type B Wellens syndrome, which transitioned to Type A.
  • These ECG changes preceded the development of an anterior myocardial infarction.
  • Successful PCI was performed, restoring coronary blood flow.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple electrocardiographic pattern transitions in Wellens syndrome can occur.
  • These dynamic ECG changes likely reflect evolving coronary flow dynamics in critical LAD stenosis.
  • Prompt recognition and intervention based on serial ECG findings are vital for managing acute coronary syndromes.