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Related Concept Videos

Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:
Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis01:26

Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis

Thoracentesis(Thoracocentesis), commonly known as pleural tap, is a medical procedure where a 22 gauge needle is inserted into the pleural space, the area between the lung and chest wall. This procedure is commonly performed to diagnose or treat various respiratory disorders.
Description
Excess pleural fluid or air may accumulate in some respiratory disorders in the thoracic cavity. To treat pleural effusion, a physician conducts thoracentesis by carefully piercing the chest wall and entering...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...

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Updated: May 23, 2026

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
05:50

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure

Published on: March 12, 2020

Risks for Recurrence After Pediatric Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax: Results From a Multicenter Study.

Abigail J Engwall-Gill1, Katrina Morgan2, Jennine H Weller3

  • 1Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

The Journal of Surgical Research
|May 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Observation or surgery significantly reduces recurrence of pediatric primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) compared to chest tubes alone. Chest tubes are not recommended for definitive PSP management.

Keywords:
Chest tubeMulticenterPediatricPrimary spontaneous pneumothoraxVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Thoracic Surgery
  • Clinical Outcomes Research

Background:

  • Pediatric primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) management lacks standardization.
  • Recurrence risk factors and initial treatment strategies for pediatric PSP vary.
  • The optimal initial management strategy for pediatric PSP requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the recurrence rates of pediatric primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) based on initial management strategies.
  • To compare the effectiveness of observation, tube thoracostomy, and operative management in preventing PSP recurrence.
  • To identify the optimal treatment approach for minimizing recurrence in pediatric PSP patients.

Main Methods:

  • Multicenter retrospective review of patients (≤21 years) with PSP from 2011-2022.
  • Categorization of initial management into observation, tube thoracostomy, or operation.
  • Statistical analysis including Chi-square, Fisher's exact, Kruskal-Wallis tests, Kaplan-Meier curves, and multivariate Cox regression to assess recurrence risk.

Main Results:

  • 357 pediatric PSP patients analyzed; 32% experienced ipsilateral recurrence.
  • Recurrence rates varied significantly by initial management: observation (32%), tube thoracostomy (53%), and operative management (17%).
  • Observation (HR: 0.54) and surgery (HR: 0.22) showed significantly lower recurrence risks than chest tube alone.

Conclusions:

  • Observation and surgical intervention are associated with significantly lower recurrence rates than chest tube management for pediatric PSP.
  • Chest tube placement should not be considered the definitive management for pediatric PSP.
  • The findings support a shift towards observation or surgical options for initial pediatric PSP management to reduce recurrence.