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Bilateral Deficit in Exercise and Sport: A Narrative Review.

Alp Aslan Uysal1,2, Selda Bereket Yücel1, Michael Henry Stone2

  • 1Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; and.

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
|May 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The bilateral deficit (BLD) is a phenomenon where the sum of forces generated by unilateral contractions exceeds that of bilateral contractions. This review explores BLD mechanisms and its impact on athletic performance, noting training specificity influences it.

Keywords:
bilateral traininginterhemispheric inhibitiontraining specificityunilateral training

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Science
  • Neuromuscular Function

Background:

  • The bilateral deficit (BLD) describes the discrepancy between unilateral and bilateral force production.
  • Understanding BLD's mechanisms is crucial for optimizing athletic performance and training protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the bilateral deficit (BLD).
  • To explore the underlying mechanisms of BLD during isometric and dynamic exercises.
  • To examine the relationship between BLD and athletic performance.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of existing literature on bilateral deficit.
  • Analysis of studies investigating BLD in isometric and dynamic contractions.
  • Examination of research on the effects of unilateral and bilateral training on BLD.

Main Results:

  • BLD is more frequently observed in dynamic (50/63 studies) than isometric contractions (45/80 studies).
  • Training specificity significantly impacts BLD: bilateral training reduces it, while unilateral training increases it.
  • The relationship between BLD and athletic performance remains contradictory in current literature.

Conclusions:

  • Interhemispheric inhibition is a primary neurological factor, alongside biomechanical influences like postural differences and muscle activation patterns.
  • Training interventions can modulate BLD, highlighting the importance of exercise specificity.
  • Further research with controlled loads and stability is needed to clarify BLD's link to athletic performance.