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Tunable soy protein isolate hydrogel for nanoparticles brain release.

Matilde Ciprandi1, Veronica Fontanini1, Patrizia Sommi2

  • 1School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.

Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine
|May 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Soy protein isolate hydrogels, crosslinked with microbial transglutaminase, offer a brain-compatible implant for local drug delivery. These injectable biomaterials demonstrate controlled release and reduced glioblastoma cell viability without cytotoxicity.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Neuroscience
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Current brain tumor therapies face limitations due to the blood-brain barrier, hindering effective drug delivery.
  • Existing implantable biomaterials often suffer from poor tissue compatibility and suboptimal drug release kinetics.
  • Developing advanced biomaterials is crucial for overcoming these challenges in localized brain cancer treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer soy protein isolate (SPI) hydrogels using microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) as a safe crosslinker.
  • To optimize SPI hydrogels for brain-relevant mechanical properties and controlled nanoparticle release.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and biocompatibility of these hydrogels for intracranial drug delivery.

Main Methods:

  • SPI hydrogels were prepared at varying concentrations (10%, 12% w/v) and crosslinked with MTGase (20, 40 mg/g SPI).
  • Characterization included SDS-PAGE, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water content, swelling tests, and rheological analysis.
  • In vitro studies assessed liposome release, doxorubicin-loaded liposome delivery, cytotoxicity, and cancer cell adhesion.

Main Results:

  • SPI hydrogels exhibited porous microstructures, high water content, and controlled swelling.
  • The 10% SPI hydrogel crosslinked with 20 mg/g MTGase demonstrated mechanical properties similar to native brain tissue.
  • This optimized hydrogel facilitated controlled release of liposomes and sustained doxorubicin delivery, significantly reducing glioblastoma cell viability.
  • The hydrogel showed no cytotoxicity and prevented cancer cell adhesion, indicating bioinertness.

Conclusions:

  • Microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked soy protein isolate hydrogels are promising brain-compatible biomaterials.
  • These injectable hydrogels enable sustained local release of nanoparticles for brain tumor therapy.
  • The developed hydrogels offer a scalable and versatile platform for advanced intracranial drug delivery applications.