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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

$Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening$

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening

Published on: October 18, 2024

Refractive Errors and Educational Outcomes in Children: A Systematic Review.

Amna Dafaalla Hasab Elrasoul Elbasheer¹, Batoul Mahmoud MohammedAhmed Suliman², Mohamed Kbashe Mohamed Bahr³

¹Ophthalmology, Al Azhar Hospital, Riyadh, SAU.

|May 25, 2026

Summary

Uncorrected vision problems like hyperopia can hinder children's learning and attention. Spectacle correction may offer modest academic improvements, but more research is needed to confirm benefits and optimize wear.

Keywords:

astigmatism hyperopia myopia refractive errors spectacles

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

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Published on: March 24, 2020

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Developmental Psychology
Educational Psychology

Background:

Refractive errors (hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism) are prevalent in children.
Uncorrected vision issues can negatively impact academic performance and attention.
Early detection and correction are crucial for child development.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review evidence on the association between refractive errors and cognitive/academic outcomes in children.
To evaluate the impact of interventions, such as spectacle provision, on these outcomes.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of observational and interventional studies (PubMed, Embase, Scopus).
Included 25 studies (16 nonrandomized, 4 cohort, 5 randomized) across diverse populations and outcomes.
Searched from inception to January 2025, including hand-searching reference lists.

Main Results:

Uncorrected hyperopia in preschoolers linked to poorer early literacy and attention.
Observational data suggests uncorrected refractive error correlates with lower academic attainment in school-aged children.
Spectacle provision showed modest gains in reading and math (approx. 0.1 SD), but effects varied based on adherence and implementation.

Conclusions:

Timely detection and correction of refractive errors may support children's learning.
Evidence is limited by study heterogeneity, risk of bias, and inconsistent reporting.
Future research needs standardized outcomes, controlled confounding, and strategies to improve spectacle adherence.