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Microfluidic high-throughput optimization enables scalable synthesis of high-entropy fluorophosphate cathode
Zhicheng Tian1, Yuanzheng Zhou1, Xude Yu1
1State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Low-Carbon Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
National Science Review
|May 25, 2026
Summary
High-entropy fluorophosphate cathodes for sodium-ion batteries are now synthesized at scale using a microfluidic high-throughput optimization strategy. This method rapidly produces pure materials with excellent electrochemical performance for high-rate applications.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Electrochemistry
- Chemical Engineering
Background:
- Large-scale synthesis of high-entropy fluorophosphate cathodes for high-rate sodium-ion batteries faces challenges in optimization and phase purity.
- Existing methods are time-consuming and lack efficiency in achieving desired material properties.
Purpose of the Study:
- To overcome bottlenecks in the large-scale synthesis of high-entropy Na3V1.9M0.1(PO4)2F3 (HE-NVPF) cathode materials.
- To develop a rapid and efficient method for producing phase-pure HE-NVPF with enhanced electrochemical properties.
Main Methods:
- Utilized a microfluidic high-throughput optimization (MHO) strategy for rapid conditional optimization.
- Employed microfluidic in situ Raman spectroscopy for precise control and monitoring of nucleation-growth kinetics.
- Achieved kilogram-scale synthesis of HE-NVPF within 2 hours.
Main Results:
- Demonstrated stable multielectron transfer, superior Na+ diffusion kinetics, and negligible volume changes.
- Achieved high phase purity and excellent structural ruggedness in the synthesized HE-NVPF.
- A representative cathode exhibited record-breaking rate capacity (108.6 mAh g-1 at 50C) and high energy density (371.9 Wh kg-1).
Conclusions:
- The MHO strategy enables rapid, large-scale, and phase-pure synthesis of HE-NVPF cathode materials.
- This approach facilitates the industrialization of high-entropy materials for advanced sodium-ion batteries.
- The MHO strategy is extendable to synthesize various other high-entropy Na3V1.9M0.1(PO4)2F3 compositions.
