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A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

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An Expanded Model for Perceptual Norming: Insights From Japanese Ideophones.

Bonnie McLean¹, Youngah Do², Arthur L Thompson²

¹Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University.

Topics in Cognitive Science

|May 26, 2026

Summary

This study explored sensory information in Japanese ideophones, finding visual dominance driven by movement. It highlights varied inter-sensory relationships and the value of expanded sensory models for linguistic research.

Keywords:

Conceptualization Ideophones Japanese Perceptual modalities Perceptual strength Semantics Sensory norms

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Area of Science:

Linguistics
Psychology
Cognitive Science

Background:

Iconicity links words to sensory experience, but sensory packaging in iconic words is understudied.
Existing models use 5-6 senses; this study expands perceptual dimensions for a richer analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how sensory information is encoded in Japanese ideophones.
To explore cross-linguistic differences in ideophone perception using an expanded sensory model.
To analyze inter-sensory relationships within and across modalities.

Main Methods:

Collected perceptual strength ratings for Japanese ideophones across 13 perceptual dimensions.
Expanded traditional five- or six-sense models to include more visual and interoceptive aspects.
Analyzed data for visual dominance and inter-sensory correlations.

Main Results:

Confirmed visual dominance in ideophones, primarily driven by the 'movement' dimension.
Found that other visual dimensions (shape, color) received lower ratings.
Revealed distinct inter-sensory relationships, e.g., movement linked to sound/interoception; shape to texture; color to taste/smell.

Conclusions:

The 'movement' dimension significantly influences visual dominance in Japanese ideophones.
Inter-sensory relationships are complex and vary even within a single sensory modality.
An expanded model of senses is valuable for perceptual norming and studying linguistic signs.