Advances in Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration: From Scaffold Design to CAP-Enabled Interfaces and AI-Driven...

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials science
• Tissue engineering
• Regenerative medicine

Background:

• Biomaterials are key scaffolds in tissue engineering, supporting cell functions and modulating the microenvironment.
• They offer alternatives to traditional surgery, with performance tunable via fabrication and surface modification.
• Their properties are influenced by chemical composition, mechanical behavior, architecture, and interfacial characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review natural and synthetic biomaterials, their biological responses, and surface modification methods.
• To emphasize the role of Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) in enhancing biomaterial properties.
• To explore stem cell interactions and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in biomaterial optimization.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature search across major scientific databases.
• Focus on highly cited studies and available clinical data.
• Analysis of biomaterial types, surface modifications (especially CAP), and AI applications.

Main Results:

• Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) enhances hydrophilicity, protein adsorption, and cell-material interactions.
• Natural biomaterials offer bioactivity; synthetic polymers provide tunable mechanics and degradation.
• Advanced fabrication (electrospinning, 3D/4D printing) allows precise architectural control for cell colonization and vascularization.

Conclusions:

• Biomaterial performance is significantly improved by CAP treatments and AI-driven design.
• Composite biomaterials integrate advantages of natural and synthetic materials.
• These advancements are crucial for enhancing regenerative potential and clinical translation of biomaterials.