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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
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One of the distinctive characteristics of circular shafts is their ability to maintain their cross-sectional integrity under torsion. In other words, each cross-section continues to exist as a flat, unaltered entity, simply rotating like a solid, rigid slab. To understand the distribution of shearing stress within such a shaft, consider a cylindrical section inside this circular shaft. This section has a length of L and a radius of R, with one end fixed. The radius of the cylindrical section is...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
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In analyzing a thin-walled hollow shaft subjected to torsional loading, a segment with width dx is isolated for examination. Despite its equilibrium state, this segment faces torsional shearing forces at its ends. These forces are quantitatively described by the product of the longitudinal shearing stress on the segment's minor surface and the area of this surface, leading to the concept of shear flow. This shear flow is consistent throughout the structure, indicating a uniform distribution of...
Normal Strain under Axial Loading01:20

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...

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An Anatomic Study of Normal Humeral Shaft Bowing.

Margaret A Sinkler1, Robby Goldberg, Drew Williamson

  • 1From the Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (Dr. Sinkler, Dr. Goldberg, Dr. Williamson, and Dr. Brown); the Department of Orthopaedics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (Dr. Hoyen); and the Department of Orthopaedics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH (Dr. Liu).

Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global Research & Reviews
|May 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study analyzed humeral bowing in 849 cadavers, finding 23% had double bows. Humeral bow characteristics vary by sex and race, impacting surgical nail placement for fractures.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Anatomy
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Humeral bowing is recognized but its specific characteristics remain unquantified.
  • Previous studies have not thoroughly investigated the magnitude and nature of humeral bowing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively analyze humeral diaphyseal morphology and bowing in a large osteological collection.
  • To determine the prevalence of single and double humeral bows and their characteristics.
  • To investigate correlations between humeral bowing, sex, and race.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a digitizer to assess 849 cadaveric humeri for morphology and bowing.
  • Evaluated bow magnitude, angulation, and location for each specimen.
  • Employed multiple regression analysis to identify relationships between sex, race, and measured parameters.

Main Results:

  • The average humeral length was 310 mm.
  • 77% of humeri exhibited a single bow, while 23% showed a double bow.
  • Bow characteristics, including apex location and magnitude, showed significant correlations with sex and race.

Conclusions:

  • Humeral diaphyseal morphology reveals a significant prevalence of double bows (23%), with variations linked to sex and race.
  • Understanding these bowing characteristics is crucial for optimizing intramedullary fixation of humerus fractures.
  • Future considerations for humeral nail design and placement should account for individual bow variations.