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Related Concept Videos

Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
EDTA: Chemistry and Properties01:22

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

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Updated: May 28, 2026

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
10:51

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

Heterometallic Multinuclear Ruthenium Complexes as Cytotoxic Agents.

Irena Kostova1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 2 Dunav St., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria.

Biomedicines
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multitargeted metallodrugs combining ruthenium with other metals show enhanced anticancer efficacy. These heteronuclear complexes offer improved selectivity, stability, and cellular uptake, potentially overcoming drug resistance.

Keywords:
cytotoxic agentsheterometallicmultinuclearruthenium-based complexes

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Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents
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Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor
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Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor

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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
10:51

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents
07:20

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

Published on: May 28, 2014

Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor
07:12

Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor

Published on: October 26, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Multitargeted drug design is a key strategy to improve metallodrug efficacy.
  • Heterometallic compounds combine metals like platinum, ruthenium, and gold to enhance biological activity and physicochemical properties.
  • Ruthenium-based heteronuclear complexes are particularly promising for anticancer applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze ruthenium-based heteronuclear complexes for anticancer therapy.
  • To assess recent advances in the design and synthesis of novel multinuclear compounds.
  • To understand structure-activity relationships and mechanistic pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Compilation and critical assessment of reported ruthenium-based heteronuclear complexes.
  • Analysis of metal-metal and metal-ligand interactions.
  • Evaluation of biological responses, including anticancer activity, selectivity, stability, and cellular uptake.

Main Results:

  • Multinuclear ruthenium anticancer complexes demonstrate remarkable efficacy.
  • Synergistic interactions between metal fragments enhance pharmacological performance.
  • Improved selectivity, stability, and cellular uptake observed in these complexes.

Conclusions:

  • Ruthenium-based heteronuclear complexes represent a promising avenue for developing novel chemotherapeutic agents.
  • These complexes may overcome drug resistance and offer viable alternatives to conventional therapies.
  • Further research in this field is crucial for developing next-generation metallodrugs with improved therapeutic potential.