Sonication-Freezing-Assisted Extraction of Chia Seed Mucilage: Functional and Structure-Rheology Relationships and...

Chia seed mucilage (CSM) is a promising plant-derived hydrocolloid characterized by unique physicochemical and functional properties that are strongly influenced by the extraction methodology. In this research, an optimized sonication-freezing-assisted extraction (SFAE) process was developed to obtain mucilage while preserving its structural integrity. Results indicate that the extracted mucilage has a high total dietary fiber content of 75.87% and a moderate protein level of 8.71%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of hydroxyl and ionized carboxylate (COO^-) groups associated with uronic acids, highlighting the anionic and polyelectrolyte nature of the system. Rheological characterization of optimized-CSM revealed Newtonian behavior in dilute solutions, indicating minimal intermolecular interactions and permitting accurate measurement of intrinsic viscosity and viscosity-average molecular weight. A critical overlap concentration (c** ≈ 0.2% w/v) was identified, marking the transition to semi-dilute regimes, chain entanglement, and the onset of shear-thinning and viscoplastic behavior. Functionally, the optimized-CSM exhibited high water holding capacity and competitive emulsifying properties (emulsion activity index (EAI): 62.50%; emulsion stability index (ESI): 49.32%), attributed to synergistic interactions between proteins and polysaccharides. Overall, this work provides new insights into how processing conditions influence the chemical composition and molecular structure, which fundamentally govern the rheological and functional performance of CSM. These findings underscore its potential as a versatile hydrocolloid for food and biomedical applications.