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Related Concept Videos

RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
RNA Structure01:23

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Protein Folding

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Protein Folding01:25

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Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to its biological function. Interactions between its constituent amino acids guide protein folding, and hence the protein structure is primarily dependent on its amino acid sequence.
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Proteins perform a wide range of biological functions such as catalyzing chemical reactions, providing...
Protein Folding01:22

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Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures with 3DNA
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Structure-Based Simulations for Folding of a tRNA Isodecoder.

Lev Levintov1, Esteban A Orellana2,3, Harish Vashisth1,4,5,6

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The N2,N2-dimethylguanosine (m2,2G) modification in transfer RNA (tRNA) promotes its cooperative folding. Unmodified tRNA, however, favors partially folded states, revealing methylation

Keywords:
MD simulationsN2,N2-dimethylguanosine modificationisodecodertRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • The N2,N2-dimethylguanosine (m2,2G) modification at G27 of transfer RNA (tRNA) is known to influence tRNA folding.
  • While functional roles of m2,2G are partially understood, its precise impact on tRNA structural dynamics remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which m2,2G modification affects tRNA folding.
  • To compare the folding pathways of modified and unmodified tRNA isodecoders.

Main Methods:

  • All-atom structure-based simulations were employed.
  • Simulations were initiated from an ensemble of unfolded configurations.
  • The folding process of a specific tRNA isodecoder was analyzed.

Main Results:

  • The m2,2G-modified tRNA exhibited cooperative and hierarchical folding, starting with the anticodon stem loop.
  • Folding proceeded sequentially through D-stem/T-stem loops to the acceptor stem, yielding a fully folded structure.
  • The unmodified tRNA isodecoder favored partially folded intermediate states over a fully folded conformation.

Conclusions:

  • Methylation by m2,2G plays a significant role in promoting the efficient and ordered folding of this tRNA isodecoder.
  • These findings offer insights into the broader implications of RNA modifications for tRNA structural biology and function.