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Beyond active sites: single-atom promoters for advanced electrocatalysis.

Yezhou Hu1, Li Zeng1, Shu-Feng Zhang1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China. huyezhou@mail.scuec.edu.cn.

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Summary

Single-atom promoters (SAPs) enhance electrocatalyst performance by modifying host catalysts, unlike single-atom catalysts. This review details SAP mechanisms, design, and applications in energy conversion technologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Single-atom catalysts (SACs) offer high atom utilization but can face stability issues.
  • Optimizing catalyst performance often compromises active site availability.
  • Single-atom promoters (SAPs) offer a novel approach to enhance catalyst function without replacing active sites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of single-atom promoter (SAP) modified electrocatalyst systems.
  • To differentiate SAPs from single-atom catalysts (SACs) and elucidate their distinct roles.
  • To summarize design principles, synthesis strategies, and characterization techniques for SAP-based catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of existing research on SAPs.
  • Classification of SAPs based on spatial configuration (all-in-one and combined types).
  • Discussion of promotion mechanisms including electronic, structural, and relay effects.

Main Results:

  • SAPs enhance host catalyst performance through electronic, structural, and relay effects.
  • SAPs preserve the integrity of active sites, overcoming a limitation of traditional optimization.
  • SAP-modified catalysts show promise in key electrocatalytic reactions like HER, OER, CO2RR, and biomass conversion.

Conclusions:

  • SAPs represent a powerful strategy for tuning electrocatalyst performance.
  • Further research is needed in rational design, operando mechanism studies, and scalable synthesis.
  • SAPs hold significant potential for advancing efficient energy conversion technologies.