Production and Multi-Criteria Evaluation of Healthy White Cheese Snacks Using Microwave-Vacuum Drying

Microwave-assisted vacuum drying (MVD) is an emerging technology suitable for producing healthy snack foods, such as cheese snacks. This study aimed to produce a low-fat, low-salt, crunchy cheese snack using MVD. Low-fat, low-salt cheese slices were dried under seven different combinations of microwave power (5%-15%), vacuum level (220-300 Torr), and drying time (6.5-11 min), selected through preliminary trials. The resulting snacks were characterized by their physical properties and volatile compound profile. The results revealed significant differences in moisture content, water activity, bulk density, and volumetric/surface/cross-sectional expansion among the samples. Samples produced under high vacuum and long process time conditions exhibited the most favorable overall characteristics, including the lowest moisture, water activity, and density, alongside the highest volume expansion. These samples also showed a darker color and a superior crispy texture (higher fracturability with lower hardness, springiness, and chewiness). Twelve volatile compounds, with a profile limited by the low-fat content of the cheese, were detected. The TOPSIS analysis identified the sample produced under high vacuum conditions (dried at 10% power, 220 Torr, 10 min) as optimal. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study provides a roadmap for producing crunchy, low-fat, and low-salt cheese snacks using microwave vacuum drying. For food manufacturers, the identified optimal conditions offer a process guideline to develop a healthier snack alternative with an appealing texture and color. The systematic TOPSIS-based evaluation method can be adopted for quality control and product development decisions. For consumers, the resulting product aligns with growing demand for nutritious, reduced-sodium convenience foods.