Assistive technology devices for enhancing sleep quality: a scoping review

Sleep disturbances such as snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea impair sleep quality and overall health. Although standard assistive technology (AT) treatments-including CPAP, oral appliances, and light therapy-are widely used, they present limitations related to cost, comfort, side effects, and adherence. This scoping review aimed to map AT devices designed to improve sleep quality in adults.

This scoping review was conducted using the methodological framework proposed by Levac et al. and reported in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Four databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO) and Google Scholar were searched from inception to February 15, 2024. Studies involving adults (≥18 years) using AT devices to improve sleep quality were included. Data extracted included study characteristics and device types.

A total of 6,369 records were screened, and 51 studies met the inclusion criteria. Twelve AT device types were identified, with eye masks (n = 18) and earplugs (n = 16) most frequently studied. Devices were categorised into sensory modulation, airway support, and behavioural support. Sensory devices were generally low-cost and low in technological complexity, whereas airway support devices showed greater variability in cost, setup complexity, and adherence. Most studies were conducted in hospital or sleep laboratory settings and utilised short-term intervention protocols. Usability and required user engagement varied across device types.

Sleep-related AT devices are diverse and potentially beneficial, but their usability and effectiveness vary. Personalised device selection based on individual needs and functional abilities is essential. Further research should evaluate real-world applicability and long-term usability.