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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract.
Nose and Nasal Cavity01:24

Nose and Nasal Cavity

The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

An Effective Manual Deboning Method To Prepare Intact Mouse Nasal Tissue With Preserved Anatomical Organization
15:40

An Effective Manual Deboning Method To Prepare Intact Mouse Nasal Tissue With Preserved Anatomical Organization

Published on: August 10, 2013

Smell and the sinuses.

Zachary Pierre1, Jose L Mattos1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia.

Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology
|May 31, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smell loss in inflammatory sinonasal disease involves impaired odorant delivery and neuroepithelial injury. Effective management combines targeted therapies like biologics and olfactory training for improved outcomes.

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15:40

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Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders
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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a significant symptom in inflammatory sinonasal diseases.
  • Mechanisms include impaired odorant delivery (conductive) and neuroepithelial injury (inflammatory).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms, evaluation, and management of smell loss in sinonasal disease.
  • To emphasize practical clinical approaches for diagnosis and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of peer-reviewed literature, guidelines, and position statements.
  • Selection of relevant clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.
  • Focus on evidence-based recommendations for olfactory dysfunction in sinonasal conditions.

Main Results:

  • Smell loss results from coexisting conductive and inflammatory pathways, with Type 2 inflammation playing a key role.
  • Clinical evaluation involves history, endoscopy, smell testing, and imaging.
  • Treatments include intranasal corticosteroids, surgery, biologics, and olfactory training, showing significant olfactory improvement.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory dysfunction in sinonasal disease stems from mechanical obstruction and immune injury.
  • A structured approach to diagnosis and therapy is crucial for optimizing olfactory outcomes.