Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Feasibility and safety of rapid glofitamab ramp-up.

Leukemia·2026

Same author

Disturbed metabolic adaptation drives natural killer cell dysfunction in association with nosocomial infection during human sepsis.

EBioMedicine·2026

Same author

CD177 Deficiency Defines a Stable Subtype of Human Neutrophil Granulocytes with Tumor Promoting Activity.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026

Same author

Teclistamab in relapsed/refractory light chain amyloidosis: A retrospective multicenter study by the German Society for Amyloid Diseases.

HemaSphere·2026

Same author

Sickle Cell Disease and Kidney Injury: Circulating Uromodulin Allows Early Tissue Specific Diagnosis and Monitoring of Treatment.

American journal of hematology·2026

Same author

Can one model fit all? Evaluating foundation models for time series forecasting across clinical medicine.

Artificial intelligence in medicine·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Subcellular Fractionation of Primary Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells to Monitor Nuclear/Cytoplasmic Protein Trafficking

Subcellular Fractionation of Primary Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells to Monitor Nuclear/Cytoplasmic Protein Trafficking

Published on: October 23, 2019

CLL cell-derived soluble factors do not influence the functionality of normal B cells.

Michelle Maria Elbert¹, Bettina Budeus¹, Maria Dampmann^1,2,3

¹Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.

Frontiers in Immunology

|June 1, 2026

Summary

Soluble factors from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells do not directly impair normal B-cell function. This study found no significant inhibitory effects on B-cell proliferation, activation, or survival in vitro, suggesting other mechanisms cause B-cell dysfunction in CLL.

Keywords:

CLL activation functionality leukemia normal residual B cells proliferation

More Related Videos

Immunoglobulin Gene Sequence Analysis In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: From Patient Material To Sequence Interpretation

Immunoglobulin Gene Sequence Analysis In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: From Patient Material To Sequence Interpretation

Published on: November 26, 2018

SorLA and CLC:CLF-1-dependent Downregulation of CNTFRα as Demonstrated by Western Blotting, Inhibition of Lysosomal Enzymes, and Immunocytochemistry

SorLA and CLC:CLF-1-dependent Downregulation of CNTFRα as Demonstrated by Western Blotting, Inhibition of Lysosomal Enzymes, and Immunocytochemistry

Published on: January 6, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Subcellular Fractionation of Primary Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells to Monitor Nuclear/Cytoplasmic Protein Trafficking

Subcellular Fractionation of Primary Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells to Monitor Nuclear/Cytoplasmic Protein Trafficking

Published on: October 23, 2019

Immunoglobulin Gene Sequence Analysis In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: From Patient Material To Sequence Interpretation

Immunoglobulin Gene Sequence Analysis In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: From Patient Material To Sequence Interpretation

Published on: November 26, 2018

SorLA and CLC:CLF-1-dependent Downregulation of CNTFRα as Demonstrated by Western Blotting, Inhibition of Lysosomal Enzymes, and Immunocytochemistry

SorLA and CLC:CLF-1-dependent Downregulation of CNTFRα as Demonstrated by Western Blotting, Inhibition of Lysosomal Enzymes, and Immunocytochemistry

Published on: January 6, 2017

Area of Science:

Immunology
Hematology
Cell Biology

Background:

Humoral immunodeficiency is common in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
The exact causes of impaired B-cell responses in CLL patients are not fully understood.
It is hypothesized that soluble factors from CLL cells may negatively impact normal B-cell functionality.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the direct influence of soluble factors from CLL cells on the function of normal B cells.
To determine if serum or conditioned medium from CLL patients affects B-cell proliferation, activation, differentiation, or cell death.

Main Methods:

Functional B-cell assays were performed using B cells from healthy donors.
B cells were cultured in serum or conditioned medium from CLL patients or healthy controls.
B-cell activation markers (CD80, CD86, CD25), proliferation, differentiation, and cell death were measured after T-cell-dependent stimulation.

Main Results:

No significant differences were observed in the proliferation, activation, or cell death of normal B cells exposed to CLL-derived soluble factors.
In vitro coculture experiments did not support the hypothesis of direct negative influence.

Conclusions:

CLL-derived soluble factors do not appear to exert major direct inhibitory effects on normal mature B cells.
The B-cell dysfunction observed in CLL likely results from factors other than direct inhibition by CLL-derived soluble factors.