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Updated: Jun 3, 2026
Online Explorative Study on the Learning Uses of Virtual Reality Among Early Adopters
Published on: November 22, 2019
Spanish adaptation and psychometric analysis of the "USE questionnaire" for virtual reality
Mariona Farrés-Tarafa1, Isabel Almodóvar-Fernández2, Oscar Arrogante3
1Fundamental and Clinical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Carrer de la Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona Barcelona, Spain. Simulation Group, Spanish Society of Intensive and Coronary Care Nursing (SEEIUC), Spain.
Background:
Immersive virtual reality has emerged as an innovative tool in health sciences education, where students' perception of usability is essential for optimizing its implementation. The USE Questionnaire (Usefulness, Satisfaction and Ease of Use) allows the assessment of usability in digital technologies, but no validated Spanish version adapted to the health education context was available.
Objective:
To translate, culturally adapt, and psychometrically validate the Spanish version of the USE Questionnaire (USE-sp) to assess perceived usability in virtual reality learning experiences among nursing students.
Methods:
A prospective observational study was conducted in two phases. Phase I involved translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and pilot testing following COSMIN guidelines. In Phase II, the psychometric properties of USE-sp were evaluated through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha. A total of 211 final-year undergraduate nursing students participated.
Results:
EFA identified a four-dimensional structure consistent with the original theoretical model, explaining 73.19% of the total variance. CFA indicated an acceptable global fit (χ²/df = 3.7), with GFI and AGFI indices above.98. Internal reliability was excellent, with Cronbach's alpha > .90 across all dimensions.
Conclusions:
The USE-sp questionnaire demonstrates strong psychometric properties and represents a valid and reliable tool for assessing the perceived usability of digital technologies in educational settings, particularly in clinical simulation using virtual reality.
