Sexual dysfunction in patients with Type 2 diabetes: A South Asian perspective

Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a prevalent but frequently overlooked complication of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, with a particularly high burden in South Asia, a region experiencing a rapid rise in diabetes prevalence. Despite its significant effects on quality of life, interpersonal relationships, and psychological well-being, SD is often insufficiently addressed in routine clinical care. This gap is largely influenced by sociocultural barriers, limited openness in patient-physician communication, and inadequate access to specialized services. In men, erectile dysfunction (ED) represents the most common clinical manifestation and may occur before overt cardiovascular disease, reflecting underlying endothelial and vascular abnormalities. In contrast, sexual dysfunction in women is more heterogeneous, encompassing reduced sexual desire, impaired lubrication, difficulty achieving orgasm, and pain during intercourse. These issues often carry profound personal and relational implications within South Asian sociocultural settings. The underlying mechanisms are complex and multifaceted, involving vascular compromise, autonomic neuropathy, hormonal imbalance, as well as psychological and sociocultural influences. Comprehensive evaluation includes the use of validated assessment instruments, focused clinical examination, and appropriate laboratory investigations. Management requires a holistic and culturally appropriate strategy, integrating optimal glycaemic control, management of cardiovascular risk factors, psychosocial support, and involvement of partners when appropriate. In addition, condition-specific pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions should be tailored to individual needs. This review consolidates current evidence with an emphasis on the South Asian context, identifies significant gaps in regional and gender-specific data, and explores the potential implications of emerging glucose-lowering therapies on sexual health outcomes.