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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Small and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies of Biological Macromolecules in Solution
12:53

Small and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies of Biological Macromolecules in Solution

Published on: January 8, 2013

A multi-transducer single-axis acoustic levitator for small-angle X-ray scattering experiments.

Gabriel Braga Marques Teobaldo1, Oleg Prymak2, Natalie Wolff2

  • 1Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|June 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new acoustic levitator enables Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) studies of liquid drops. This technology precisely controls levitated samples, revealing enhanced particle interactions during evaporation.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Traditional methods for studying liquid samples in Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) can be limited by sample containment and environmental influences.
  • Investigating the dynamic behavior of nanoparticles in evaporating droplets requires precise control over sample position and volume.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel single-axis acoustic levitator for use in SAXS experiments.
  • To investigate the evaporation kinetics and particle interactions within levitated metallic silver nanoparticle suspensions.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of a 40 kHz single-axis acoustic levitator using 48 ultrasonic transducers and a reflector.
  • Levitation stability assessment using high-speed camera tracking of suspended droplets.
  • Integration of the levitator into a laboratory SAXS instrument (Xenocs Xeuss 2.0).
  • Development of a Python package for automated video analysis of droplet size and background subtraction.

Main Results:

  • The acoustic levitator demonstrated stable suspension of liquid droplets for SAXS analysis.
  • The study successfully monitored the evaporation of silver nanoparticle suspensions, observing increased particle concentration and enhanced interactions.
  • Automated video analysis facilitated accurate data selection and background correction.

Conclusions:

  • The developed acoustic levitator is a viable tool for in-situ SAXS studies of liquid samples, particularly for investigating dynamic processes like evaporation.
  • This technology offers a contactless method for sample manipulation, minimizing external interference.
  • The levitator has broad applicability in fields such as pharmacy, biology, chemistry, and material sciences.