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Related Concept Videos

Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and rotating...
Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
08:18

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

Orbital Anatomy.

Mary Elizabeth Cunnane1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Mass General Brigham, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA, USA.

Radiologic Clinics of North America
|June 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This article details orbital anatomy and imaging, crucial for diagnosing conditions and planning surgeries. Understanding the bony orbit, globe structures, and extraocular muscles aids clinical decision-making.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Anatomy
  • Radiology

Background:

  • The orbit is a complex bony structure housing vital ocular and neural components.
  • Accurate anatomical knowledge is essential for interpreting orbital imaging.
  • Deficits in orbital anatomy can lead to visual impairment and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of orbital anatomy.
  • To correlate anatomical structures with their imaging features.
  • To support diagnosis and surgical planning in orbital diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical literature and imaging modalities.
  • Detailed description of the bony orbit, globe, and adnexal structures.
  • Identification of key anatomical landmarks and their radiographic appearances.
Keywords:
Extraocular musclesGlobeLacrimal glandOptic nerveOrbit

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Application of Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Segmentation via Orbital Computed Tomography
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Application of Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Segmentation via Orbital Computed Tomography

Published on: November 30, 2022

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Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
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Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

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Application of Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Segmentation via Orbital Computed Tomography
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Application of Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Segmentation via Orbital Computed Tomography

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Main Results:

  • The bony orbit comprises roof, floor, medial, and lateral walls.
  • The globe includes the cornea, sclera, iris, lens, and posterior segment structures.
  • Key foramina and fissures (optic canal, orbital fissures) facilitate neurovascular communication.

Conclusions:

  • Detailed orbital anatomy and imaging correlates are fundamental for accurate diagnosis.
  • This knowledge is indispensable for effective surgical planning and patient management.
  • Understanding orbital structures aids in identifying pathologies and guiding interventions.