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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Characterization of a Novel Human Organotypic Retinal Culture Technique
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Characterization of a Novel Human Organotypic Retinal Culture Technique

Published on: June 9, 2021

Inflammatory Mediators in Diabetic Macular Edema: A Prospective, Controlled Study.

Stephen J Kim1, Sapna Gangaputra1, Leena Choi2

  • 1Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232.

Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)
|June 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study found that elevated levels of specific inflammatory cytokines, including IL-8, FLT-3L, FGF-2, IL-6, and IL-10, are significantly associated with diabetic macular edema (DME). These findings advance understanding of DME pathogenesis.

Keywords:
aqueous cytokinesdiabetic macular edemadiabetic retinopathyinflammatory cytokines

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Characterization of a Novel Human Organotypic Retinal Culture Technique
05:51

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Published on: June 9, 2021

Quantification of Diabetes-induced Adherent Leukocytes in Retinal Vasculature
05:54

Quantification of Diabetes-induced Adherent Leukocytes in Retinal Vasculature

Published on: January 24, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of vision loss in diabetic patients.
  • Inflammatory cytokines play a crucial role in the development and progression of DME.
  • Previous studies on cytokine associations with DME have been limited by small sample sizes and study design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To rigorously analyze the association between 24 inflammatory cytokines and DME in a prospective cohort.
  • To investigate the role of specific cytokines in different stages of diabetic retinopathy severity.
  • To identify potential biomarkers for DME.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective trial involving 164 adult type II diabetic patients (328 eyes).
  • Collected data included ETDRS visual acuity, fundus photography, and OCT.
  • Measured aqueous humor cytokine levels using a multiplex assay and defined DME based on OCT criteria.

Main Results:

  • Elevated levels of Interleukin-8 (IL-8), FLT-3 ligand (FLT-3L), Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF-2), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) were significantly associated with DME.
  • Odds ratios indicated a positive association for IL-8 (2.73), FLT-3L (2.27), FGF-2 (1.74), IL-6 (2.93), and IL-10 (2.79) in eyes with DME.
  • Median levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were higher in eyes with DME compared to those without.

Conclusions:

  • IL-8, FLT-3L, FGF-2, IL-6, and IL-10 are significantly elevated in eyes affected by DME.
  • These cytokines represent potential therapeutic targets for managing DME.
  • The findings provide a stronger basis for understanding DME pathophysiology through cytokine analysis.