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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...

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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement for Detecting and Characterizing Self-Associations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
07:24

Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement for Detecting and Characterizing Self-Associations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Published on: September 23, 2021

Realizing On-Demand All-to-All Selective Interactions between Distant Spin Ensembles.

C-X Run1, K-T Lin2, K-M Hsieh1

  • 1City University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Physical Review Letters
|June 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created an on-demand all-to-all coherent network using spin ensembles and a coplanar waveguide. This breakthrough enables selective coupling for advanced quantum computing and communication systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • All-to-all coherent networks are essential for scalable quantum computing and communication.
  • Current methods face challenges in achieving selective and dynamic coupling between multiple quantum nodes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel on-demand all-to-all coherent network architecture.
  • To enable selective coupling and decoupling between multiple spin ensembles.
  • To explore collective coupling and coherent energy exchange in a tunable network.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing resonant dipole-dipole interactions between distant spin ensembles.
  • Coupling spin ensembles to a mirror-terminated one-dimensional coplanar waveguide (CPW).
  • Dynamically repositioning spin ensembles along the CPW to control interactions.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated an on-demand all-to-all coherent network with four spin ensembles.
  • Achieved selective coupling and decoupling between individual spin ensembles.
  • Showcased collective coupling and coherent energy exchange between multiple spin ensembles in the time domain.

Conclusions:

  • The developed device shows significant potential as a medium-scale all-to-all network.
  • This architecture can advance the study of many-body physics.
  • It offers enhanced capabilities for coherent information processing and quantum technologies.