Constructive Conversations: Mastering the Exchange of Feedback

Feedback is the transfer of information about an action back to the performing individual in order that the individual can adjust the performance on subsequent actions, allowing for informed learning. In his landmark article, Ende explained that feedback exposes the gap between the actual and intended outcomes. By increasing the learner's awareness of his/her weaknesses and strengths, feedback supports the development of strategies for performance improvement. The focus of this article is on formative feedback in the context of surgical education and practice. As trainees progress through a competency-based curriculum, they observe, participate, and gradually gain independence. The importance of prompt and specific feedback cannot be overstated as it helps trainees track progress, adapt performance and behaviors, and ultimately achieve required competencies. This discussion will explore established feedback models, barriers to giving and receiving feedback, and the unique considerations of feedback to trainees and surgeons.