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Doppler Effect - II01:05

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The Doppler effect has several practical, real-world applications. For instance, meteorologists use Doppler radars to interpret weather events based on the Doppler effect. Typically, a transmitter emits radio waves at a specific frequency toward the sky from a weather station. The radio waves bounce off the clouds and precipitation and travel back to the weather station. The radio frequency of the waves reflected back to the station appears to decrease if the clouds or precipitation are moving...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
10:42

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Published on: March 22, 2019

Unambiguous range extension for Doppler single-photon lidar.

Ruangrawee Kitichotkul, Joshua Rapp, Yanting Ma

    Optics Express
    |June 11, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study demonstrates that non-periodic pulsing in single-photon lidar (SPL) enables accurate velocity estimation alongside long-range distance measurements. This overcomes the traditional trade-off, enhancing SPL capabilities for dynamic targets.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Remote Sensing Technologies
    • Signal Processing

    Background:

    • Single-photon lidar (SPL) uses laser pulse timing for distance measurement.
    • Periodic pulsing in SPL improves accuracy but limits range.
    • Existing range extension techniques often neglect velocity estimation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate velocity estimation in SPL using non-periodic range extension pulse patterns.
    • To develop a general model for photon acquisition with moving targets in SPL.
    • To propose robust methods for simultaneous distance and velocity recovery.

    Main Methods:

    • Derived a general model for the photon acquisition process with moving targets.
    • Developed maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) for distance, velocity, and photon flux.
    • Implemented tailored initialization schemes for MLE solver convergence.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully estimated velocity using non-periodic SPL pulse patterns.
    • Achieved simultaneous long-range, high-accuracy distance and velocity measurements.
    • Validated methods through both simulations and experimental data.

    Conclusions:

    • Non-periodic SPL pulse patterns can effectively estimate target velocity.
    • The proposed MLE approach overcomes the range-frequency trade-off in SPL.
    • This advancement enables enhanced SPL performance for dynamic remote sensing applications.