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Related Concept Videos

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...
Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo
12:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo

Published on: January 14, 2016

CONSERVATION AND DIVERGENCE WITHIN THE ARABIDOPSIS TPL/TPR COREPRESSOR FAMILY.

Benjamin L R Downing1, Maria Pattichis2, Fabian E Vaistij2

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The TOPLESS (TPL) and TOPLESS-RELATED (TPR) proteins in Arabidopsis regulate plant development. Researchers found distinct roles among TPL/TPR family members, influencing plant traits and offering avenues for crop engineering.

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Inducible, Cell Type-Specific Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana Through LhGR-Mediated Trans-Activation
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Inducible, Cell Type-Specific Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana Through LhGR-Mediated Trans-Activation

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo
12:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo

Published on: January 14, 2016

Imaging Spatial Reorganization of a MAPK Signaling Pathway Using the Tobacco Transient Expression System
08:54

Imaging Spatial Reorganization of a MAPK Signaling Pathway Using the Tobacco Transient Expression System

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Inducible, Cell Type-Specific Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana Through LhGR-Mediated Trans-Activation
09:31

Inducible, Cell Type-Specific Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana Through LhGR-Mediated Trans-Activation

Published on: April 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • The TOPLESS (TPL) and TOPLESS-RELATED (TPR1-TPR4) proteins form the Arabidopsis TPX family of corepressors.
  • These proteins are crucial for regulating diverse plant developmental pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the conservation and functional divergence among Arabidopsis TPX family members.
  • To understand how natural variations in TPX proteins contribute to phenotypic differences.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized higher-order genetics and transcriptomics to analyze TPX paralogs.
  • Employed a synthetic repression assay to assess protein function.
  • Examined cell-type-specific expression of EAR-containing effectors.

Main Results:

  • TPL, TPR1, and TPR4 function as major repressors, while TPR2 and TPR3 have minor or opposing roles.
  • The TPX family is classified into three subtypes based on EAR-binding pocket variation, explaining phenotypic differences.
  • Manipulating EAR-containing effectors allows tuning of root architecture.

Conclusions:

  • The TPX family exhibits functional specialization, balancing developmental robustness with adaptability.
  • Understanding TPX diversification provides insights into plant regulatory networks and potential for trait engineering.