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Related Concept Videos

Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT

Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Destabilization of the Medial Meniscus and Cartilage Scratch Murine Model of Accelerated Osteoarthritis
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Published on: July 6, 2022

Characterizing Meniscal Calcifications with Photon Counting-Based Dual-Energy Computed Tomography.

Eeva Alina Nevanranta1, Ville-Pauli Karjalainen1, Mikael Brix1,2

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, Pob 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Photon counting detector dual-energy CT can differentiate basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) meniscal calcifications ex vivo. This imaging technique shows promise for in vivo applications to study calcification pathologies and osteoarthritis.

Keywords:
Basic calcium phosphateCalcium pyrophosphateMeniscal calcificationsOsteoarthritisPhoton-counting CT

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Published on: August 28, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Meniscal calcifications are linked to meniscal degeneration and osteoarthritis (OA).
  • Distinguishing between basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) calcifications in vivo is challenging.
  • New imaging techniques are needed to understand calcification pathologies and their OA relationship.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate if photon counting detector dual-energy computed tomography (PCD-DECT) can differentiate BCP from CPP calcifications.
  • To use Raman spectroscopy as a reference standard for calcification classification.
  • To assess the potential of PCD-DECT for future in vivo applications.

Main Methods:

  • 82 meniscus samples were analyzed using PCD-DECT at 120kVp.
  • Raman spectroscopy classified calcifications as BCP or CPP.
  • Regression models compared dual-energy index (DEI) and energy values between calcification types.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences were observed in low-energy values and DEI between BCP and CPP calcifications.
  • The highest difference in low-energy values was 166HU (95%CI: 73, 259) at 500HU.
  • The difference in DEI values was 0.035 (95%CI: 0.011, 0.059).

Conclusions:

  • PCD-DECT successfully measured BCP and CPP calcifications ex vivo.
  • The findings suggest PCD-DECT's potential for in vivo diagnosis of meniscal calcifications.
  • This technology could aid in understanding calcification processes and evaluating OA treatments.