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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to the...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules01:29

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules

UV–Visible absorption spectra of conjugated dienes arise from the lowest energy π → π* transitions. The light-absorbing part of the molecule is called the chromophore, and the substituents directly attached to the chromophore are called auxochromes. A strong correlation exists between the absorption maxima, λmax, and the structure of a conjugated π system. The Woodward–Fieser rules predict the value of λmax for a given structure by adding the contributions...
Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview01:02

Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview

Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material,  molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for electronic transitions. As a result...
Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission01:14

Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission

Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels. Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.

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Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities
11:08

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Published on: November 30, 2012

Trends in vibrational spectroscopy on optical waveguides.

James S Wilkinson1, Philip N Bartlett2

  • 1Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Optical waveguide chips are advancing vibrational spectroscopy for molecular analysis. Research focuses on improving waveguide mid-infrared spectroscopy (WMIRS) and waveguide-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (WERS) for broader applications.

Keywords:
BiosensingGas sensingIntegrated photonicsMachine learningMid-infrared spectroscopyOn-chip spectroscopyOptical waveguidesRaman spectroscopyVibrational spectroscopy

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities
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Published on: November 30, 2012

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Spectroscopy
  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Vibrational spectroscopy offers specific molecular "fingerprints" for identification and quantification.
  • Optical waveguide chips enable mass production, robustness, and sensitive deployment of spectroscopic sensors.
  • Key applications span environmental monitoring, clinical diagnostics, biotechnology, security, and manufacturing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent research trends (past 2 years) in waveguide mid-infrared spectroscopy (WMIRS) and waveguide-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (WERS).
  • To highlight advancements in materials, device performance, and analytical methodologies for both WMIRS and WERS.
  • To discuss the potential for commercialization and expanded real-world applications of these waveguide-based spectroscopic techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on research trends in reducing waveguide attenuation and increasing light/matter interaction.
  • Exploration of machine learning for complex sample analysis and on-chip photonic integration.
  • Development of new mid-infrared sources/detectors for WMIRS and mitigation of water absorption.
  • Research into reducing background emission and enhancing Raman signals for WERS, including plasmonic structures.
  • Incorporation of Raman reporters in WERS assays to address sample complexity.

Main Results:

  • WMIRS shows success in gas sensing, breath analysis for disease diagnosis, and bacterial discrimination.
  • WERS has been applied to detect antibiotics in plasma and cardiac biomarkers.
  • Ongoing research aims to overcome limitations such as water absorption in WMIRS and background emission in WERS.
  • Advancements in materials and device integration are enhancing the performance and functionality of both techniques.

Conclusions:

  • WMIRS and WERS, utilizing optical waveguide chips, are powerful tools for molecular analysis with growing application potential.
  • Continued research in materials, signal enhancement, and data processing is crucial for overcoming current limitations.
  • A trend towards commercialization, particularly for WERS, suggests increased adoption in practical sensing applications.