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Related Concept Videos

Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
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The Nucleolus02:55

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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
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Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within...
Ribosomes01:27

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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.Ribosome Structure and AssemblyRibosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within the...

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling
10:00

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling

Published on: October 28, 2014

Single-granule profiling reveals that RNP granule pH marks cellular translation.

Yue Zhang1, Shining Wu1, Yifeng He1

  • 1College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.

Iscience
|June 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new probe to measure pH within RNA granules, revealing spatial pH differences and linking stress to granule acidification and reduced translation. This tool may help screen anti-aging compounds.

Keywords:
cell biologymolecular biology

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

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Isolation and Quantification of Axonal mRNAs Using Porous Membrane Inserts and RTddPCR
07:06

Isolation and Quantification of Axonal mRNAs Using Porous Membrane Inserts and RTddPCR

Published on: February 6, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules are crucial for RNA metabolism in eukaryotes.
  • Their biophysical properties, including pH, are poorly understood due to a lack of specific probes.
  • Targeting these dynamic condensates is essential for understanding cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel probe for mapping the pH of RNP granules, specifically processing bodies (P-bodies) and stress granules (SGs).
  • To investigate the spatial pH heterogeneity within these granules at a single-granule level.
  • To assess the probe's utility as a marker for cellular stress and translation activity, and for screening potential therapeutic agents.

Main Methods:

  • Development of RNP granule-pH (RNPg-pH), a ratiometric and targetable fluorescent probe.
  • Application of RNPg-pH to map pH within P-bodies and SGs in eukaryotic cells.
  • Induction of cellular stress (oxidative, hyperosmotic, translational inhibition) to observe pH changes.
  • Treatment with compounds like myrtenol and oridonin to assess their effects on stress-induced acidification and translation.

Main Results:

  • RNPg-pH successfully mapped spatial pH heterogeneity within RNP granules, showing an alkaline periphery and acidic core near the nucleus.
  • Cellular stresses induced granule acidification and correlated with reduced translation levels.
  • RNPg-pH demonstrated sensitivity to translation activity.
  • Myrtenol and oridonin reversed H2O2-induced acidification, restored translation, and delayed senescence.

Conclusions:

  • The RNPg-pH probe provides a novel approach for monitoring RNP granule biophysics and function.
  • Granule acidification is linked to cellular stress and impaired translation.
  • RNPg-pH shows potential for screening anti-aging reagents and understanding RNP granule roles in RNA metabolism and cell function.