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The Robustness of Anchoring in a Naturalistic VR-Based Task.

Jinjin Wu1,2,3, George Farmer2,4,3, Olivia Pready-James2

  • 1Virtual Reality Research (VR2) Facility, University of Manchester.

Cognitive Science
|June 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Anchoring bias affects quantitative estimation, even when people naturally interpret real-world sensory information. This cognitive bias persists in virtual reality and real-world settings, impacting performance in estimation tasks.

Keywords:
AnchoringCognitionDecision makingJudgmentPerceptionVirtual reality

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Anchoring is a cognitive bias where estimates are influenced by an initial value.
  • This bias is observed in various estimation tasks, even with available reliable information.
  • Previous research primarily used lab-based tasks, not reflecting real-world information sampling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate anchoring effects in a naturalistic virtual reality (VR) environment.
  • To examine how anchoring persists when individuals interpret real-world sensory cues.
  • To compare anchoring effects within and outside of VR.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments immersed participants in a VR environment to estimate height after an anchor was presented.
  • Manipulated information availability and anchor-reality offset.
  • Contrasted anchoring effects in VR versus non-VR conditions.

Main Results:

  • Anchoring effects were evident and consistent both in and out of VR.
  • Participants utilized available perceptual and cognitive information for height estimation.
  • A novel subjective anchoring measure provided a parsimonious descriptive model.

Conclusions:

  • Anchoring is a generic cognitive bias present in all estimation tasks, including those with naturally acquired information.
  • The findings highlight the pervasive impact of anchoring on real-world quantitative estimation.
  • Anchoring effects are robust across different information acquisition contexts.