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Rhizaria are a diverse group of unicellular protists characterized by their threadlike cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia. These structures aid in both locomotion and feeding, giving Rhizaria an amoeboid appearance. Their amoeboid morphology once led to taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has clarified their evolutionary placement and emphasized their shared use of pseudopodia despite divergent lineages.This clade comprises diverse lineages such as Chlorarachniophyta,...
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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples
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Published on: August 31, 2018

Are interphylum spiralian relationships resolvable?

Ana Serra Silva1, Maximilian J Telford1

  • 1Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom.

Elife
|June 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The evolutionary relationships among major animal phyla in Spiralia remain unclear due to rapid, explosive radiation. This study suggests these phyla emerged quickly, making their precise evolutionary tree difficult to resolve.

Keywords:
MetazoaSpiraliaevolutionary biologyphylogenomicsrapid radiationtopology testing

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Area of Science:

  • * Zoology
  • * Evolutionary Biology
  • * Phylogenetics

Background:

  • * The major animal clade Spiralia includes diverse phyla, but their interrelationships lack consensus.
  • * Molecular phylogenetics has clarified spiralian phyla but not their evolutionary tree.
  • * Taxonomic instability suggests rapid evolutionary radiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the evolutionary relationships among the five largest spiralian clades.
  • * To explore the hypothesis of rapid evolutionary radiation in Spiralia.
  • * To understand the causes of taxonomic instability in spiralian phylogeny.

Main Methods:

  • * Utilized two large phylogenomic datasets.
  • * Applied site-bootstrapping and taxon-jackknifing analyses.
  • * Analyzed 105 possible rooted trees and 15 unrooted trees.

Main Results:

  • * Interphylum branches within Spiralia were found to be very short.
  • * A long-branch artefact was identified, potentially favoring rooting on Platyhelminthes.
  • * A preferred tree topology was observed in most analyses, but statistical support was not significant.

Conclusions:

  • * Spiralian phyla likely emerged in rapid succession, indicating a difficult-to-resolve radiation.
  • * The inferred deep history of Spiralia has significant implications for interpreting Cambrian fossils.
  • * This rapid radiation impacts our understanding of the evolution of key traits like biomineralisation, segmentation, and larvae.