Naloxone Distribution in the United States, 2018-2023

Area of Science:

• Public Health
• Pharmacology
• Health Services Research

Background:

• Opioid overdose deaths remain a critical public health concern.
• Naloxone is a vital medication for reversing opioid overdoses.
• Understanding naloxone distribution patterns is crucial for public health interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To analyze the distribution trends of all naloxone products across the United States from 2018 to 2023.
• To identify shifts in naloxone product types and distribution channels.

Main Methods:

• Retrospective, cross-sectional study design.
• Utilized manufacturer reports for total US naloxone distribution data.
• Incorporated IQVIA National Sales Perspectives for estimated sales to US healthcare settings.

Main Results:

• Total US naloxone distribution increased from 7.65 million to 29.7 million units between 2018 and 2023.
• Distribution of nasal spray devices saw the most significant rise, from 2.9 million to 23.4 million units.
• Naloxone distribution to non-healthcare settings grew substantially, reaching 16.1 million units and comprising 54% of total distribution by 2023.

Conclusions:

• Naloxone distribution in the US markedly increased from 2018 to 2023.
• The largest growth was observed in distribution to non-healthcare settings and for nasal spray formulations.
• These findings provide insights into community-level naloxone access and may inform strategies to reduce opioid overdose fatalities.