Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Project-Based Learning Guidelines for Health Sciences Students: An Analysis with Data Mining and Qualitative Techniques
Published on: December 9, 2022
Identifying stakeholder behaviors for competency-based pharmacy education: A stage 1 behavior change wheel analysis
Denise H Rhoney1, Aleda M H Chen2, Kimberly K Daugherty3
1UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7574, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7574, USA.
Introduction/Objectives:
Competency-Based Pharmacy Education (CBPE) is a strategic priority for preparing graduates to meet evolving healthcare needs. However, efforts to implement CBPE can stall due to behavioral challenges among faculty, administrators, preceptors, and learners. This study aimed to apply Stage 1 of the Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) to identify stakeholder-specific behaviors and associated determinants needed to implement the five core components of CBPE.
Methods:
A multi-method approach grounded in the BCW, the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation - Behavior (COM-B) model, and the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) was used. Data were gathered through (1) targeted literature review; (2) structured focus groups with competency-based education experts and pharmacy education stakeholders; and (3) an iterative consensus process. Behaviors were mapped to the five CBPE components: (1) defined competencies, (2) developmental progression, (3) tailored instruction, (4) authentic experiential learning, and (5) programmatic assessment, and then mapped to COM-B and TDF constructs.
Results:
Over fifty stakeholder-specific behaviors were identified and specified across the CBPE framework. This revealed shared barriers such as limited instructional design knowledge (psychological capability), insufficient assessment of infrastructure (physical opportunity), and misaligned professional identity (reflective motivation). Key TDF domains included knowledge, environmental context, beliefs about capabilities, and professional roles. The behavioral problem statements, specifications, and determinants were identified to support future intervention planning.
Conclusion:
This Stage 1 analysis provides a behaviorally grounded foundation for CBPE implementation by identifying stakeholder behaviors and conditions that enable change. These findings will inform the development of readiness-to-change assessments and targeted interventions (BCW Stages 2 and 3), supporting scalable and sustainable CBPE transformation in pharmacy education.
Related Concept Videos
Nursing Process for Patient and Caregiver Teaching I: Assessment and Diagnosis
It is critical to determine the patient's learning needs during the assessment. Determination of learning needs compounds data from the...
Patient-centered Care
Modeling in Therapy
Participant Modeling
Participant modeling involves therapists demonstrating calm and effective behaviors in situations...
Role-Based Identity
Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping
Motivational Cycle
The cycle begins with a need. This need can arise from various conditions, such as hunger, thirst, or temperature changes. For instance, when an individual feels cold, their body...