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Related Concept Videos

Electrolysis03:00

Electrolysis

In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
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Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography
10:18

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

Published on: February 21, 2017

Reactive Dissolution-Thermal Conversion Enables Closed-Pore Filling in Hard Carbon toward Potassium Storage.

Hongliang Li1, Yifan Chen1, Linlin Wang1

  • 1School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Engineered hard carbon anodes using a novel dissolution-thermal strategy significantly boost potassium-ion battery energy density. This method enhances capacity and cycle life for practical, high-performance energy storage applications.

Keywords:
anodesclosed poreshard carbonshigh capacitypotassium‐ion batteries

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Hard carbon (HC) is a promising anode for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs).
  • Current HC anodes suffer from low capacity and high operating potential, limiting energy density.
  • Developing advanced HC materials is crucial for practical PIB applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer the microstructure of hard carbon at a molecular level for improved PIB performance.
  • To develop a novel reactive dissolution-thermal conversion strategy for HC anode fabrication.
  • To enhance the capacity, rate capability, and cycle stability of HC anodes in PIBs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a reactive dissolution-thermal conversion strategy involving phosphoric acid and mild air oxidation.
  • Engineered HC microstructure by forming P─O─C crosslinks and generating gas-sculpting agents.
  • Incorporated phosphorus doping to expand interlayer spacing and facilitate K+ ion diffusion.

Main Results:

  • The optimized HC anode achieved a reversible capacity of 341.2 mAh g⁻¹, with 242 mAh g⁻¹ below 0.4 V.
  • Demonstrated excellent cycle stability with 73.9% capacity retention after 1000 cycles.
  • A full cell with a K2Mn[Fe(CN)6] cathode showed a specific energy of 312.8 Wh kg⁻¹ and 83.1% retention after 1000 cycles.

Conclusions:

  • The molecular-level design strategy effectively enhances HC anode performance for high-energy PIBs.
  • The developed method offers a pathway for creating advanced anode materials for next-generation energy storage.
  • This research paves the way for the practical application of high-performance potassium-ion batteries.