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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Peripherally and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: A Comparison01:09

Peripherally and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: A Comparison

Skeletal muscle relaxants can target the central nervous system [CNS] to reduce muscle tension or act directly at the neuromuscular junction to induce temporary paralysis. These two classes of muscle relaxants are called centrally acting muscle relaxants and peripherally acting muscle relaxants. They differ in their action, mechanism, administration route, and clinical uses.
Centrally acting muscle relaxants can be further divided into spasmolytic and antispasmodic drugs. Spasmolytic drugs,...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
08:49

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Published on: October 16, 2013

Comparing IL-6 and IL-10 Serum Levels and Changes Using Propofol and Remimazolam: A Prospective Randomized Controlled

Donghyo Kim1, Hyoungoh Yang1, Jihyun An1

  • 1Anesthesiology, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, KOR.

Cureus
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study found no significant differences in interleukin-6 (IL-6) or interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels between remimazolam and propofol anesthesia. However, remimazolam was associated with higher intraoperative BIS values and lower postoperative pain, warranting further investigation.

Keywords:
anestheticsbenzodiazepinecytokineshemodynamicsinterleukin-10interleukin-6intravenouspropofolsirs

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
08:49

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Published on: October 16, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Immunology
  • Surgical Care

Background:

  • Surgical stress impacts cytokine levels, influencing inflammatory and immune responses.
  • Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) are key players in perioperative inflammation.
  • General anesthetics affect immune function; propofol is known to decrease IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effects of remimazolam versus propofol on perioperative inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α).
  • To evaluate hemodynamic variables during anesthesia with remimazolam and propofol.
  • To assess postoperative analgesic requirements in patients receiving remimazolam or propofol.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective randomized study involving 46 patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecological surgery.
  • Blood samples were collected at four time points (pre-anesthesia, end of surgery, 1.5h post-op, 24h post-op).
  • Serum IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels were measured; TNF-α was below detectable limits.

Main Results:

  • No significant intergroup differences in IL-6, IL-10, or IL-6/IL-10 ratio were observed.
  • The remimazolam group showed higher intraoperative Bispectral Index (BIS), heart rate, and blood pressure.
  • The propofol group required more postoperative oxycodone.

Conclusions:

  • Perioperative IL-6 and IL-10 responses did not differ significantly between remimazolam and propofol.
  • Higher BIS values in the remimazolam group suggest potential differences in anesthetic depth, requiring cautious interpretation.
  • Further large-scale studies are needed to clarify the immunomodulatory and hemodynamic effects of remimazolam.