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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

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Published on: July 28, 2021

Pencil-Drawn Electrode within Additively Manufactured Devices for Uric Acid Detection.

Mariana C Marra¹, Marina Di-Oliveira¹, Amanda B Nascimento¹

¹Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

|June 22, 2026

Summary

This study introduces a low-cost, eco-friendly pencil-drawn electrode (PDE) for sensing uric acid (UA). The sustainable sensor, fabricated using 3D printing, offers a reliable alternative for point-of-care diagnostics.

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Published on: November 22, 2016

Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Materials Science
Electrochemistry

Background:

Disposable electrochemical sensors are emerging as cost-effective, portable, and green alternatives to traditional methods.
Pencil-drawn electrodes (PDEs) provide a straightforward and sustainable fabrication route, avoiding complex procedures and materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and characterize a novel pencil-drawn electrode (PDE) integrated with additive manufacturing for uric acid (UA) sensing.
To evaluate the performance and applicability of the PDE sensor for point-of-care UA determination.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a PDE on a stereolithography-additive manufactured substrate within a fused-filament fabrication (FFF) electrochemical cell.
Characterization using SEM and Raman spectroscopy to confirm electrode properties.
Electrochemical evaluation for uric acid sensing, including reproducibility, stability, and selectivity assessments.

Main Results:

The PDE sensor demonstrated comparable performance to GCE and C-SPE without pretreatment.
A linear response for UA was observed in the range of 5.0–40.0 μmol L⁻¹, with a low detection limit of 0.2 μmol L⁻¹.
Successful determination of UA in synthetic samples, showcasing practical applicability.

Conclusions:

The study presents a low-cost, sustainable, and reliable electrochemical sensing platform utilizing PDEs on additively manufactured components.
This approach highlights the potential for accessible and eco-friendly analytical chemistry solutions, particularly for point-of-care applications.