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MICRO (Multimaterial, Integrated, Compact, Ready-to-Plug, One-Step 3D-Printed): A Simple-to-Use Electrochemical

Tiago Moraes Zavarize1, Fárlon Felipe Silva Xavier1, Augusto Dos Santos Novais1

  • 1Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais CEP 38400-902, Brazil.

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A novel 3D-printed electrochemical cell (MICRO-EC3D) offers rapid, low-cost fabrication of portable sensors. This integrated device demonstrates comparable performance to commercial electrodes for forensic analysis, including anabolic steroid detection.

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Area of Science:

  • Electroanalytical Chemistry
  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • 3D printing enables rapid, low-cost fabrication of portable electrochemical devices and sensors.
  • Existing 3D-printed electrochemical cells often require assembly and lack seamless mobile integration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a multimaterial, integrated, compact, and ready-to-plug 3D-printed electrochemical cell (MICRO-EC3D).
  • To demonstrate the utility of MICRO-EC3D for on-site forensic analysis, specifically for detecting anabolic steroids.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of the MICRO-EC3D using a dual-extruder 3D printer with conductive carbon black-polylactic acid (CB-PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG).
  • Integration of electrodes, body, and a mini solution reservoir into a single unit with user-friendly USB connectors.
  • Electrochemical treatment and performance evaluation using model analytes (ferricyanide, paracetamol, nitrite) and square-wave voltammetry for oxymetholone (OXM) detection.

Main Results:

  • The MICRO-EC3D demonstrated performance comparable to commercial carbon screen-printed electrodes.
  • Successful square-wave voltammetric detection of oxymetholone (OXM) with a limit of detection of 0.21 μM.
  • On-site screening of OXM in seized samples showed results consistent with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Conclusions:

  • The MICRO-EC3D is a user-friendly, portable, and low-cost (<$0.10) tool for on-site preliminary forensic analysis.
  • This technology has the potential to increase the acceptance and popularity of electrochemical methods among inexpert analysts.
  • The integrated design eliminates assembly, enabling rapid deployment and analysis.