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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
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Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

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Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...

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Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification
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Selective Two-Electron Phenol Oxidation Polymerization for Water Purification.

Tiantian Chen1, Ruizhao Wang2, Bo He1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Green Papermaking and Resource Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Observation and Research Station of Erhai Lake Ecosystem in Yunnan, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel iron catalyst generates a highly reactive phenoxonium ion (PhO+) for efficient phenol removal. This breakthrough enables rapid water purification and resource recovery from industrial wastewater.

Keywords:
dual‐atom catalystoxidation polymerizationperoxymonosulfatephenolphenoxonium ion

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Phenolic contaminants pose environmental risks.
  • Generating the phenoxonium ion (PhO+) via two-electron oxidation of phenol is kinetically challenging.
  • Existing methods for phenol removal are often inefficient.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a catalyst for efficient generation of the phenoxonium ion (PhO+).
  • To investigate the mechanism of PhO+ formation and its role in phenol polymerization and removal.
  • To demonstrate the practical application of this system for wastewater treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of an N-bridged double-iron site (≡Fe─N─Fe ≡) catalyst.
  • Activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by the catalyst.
  • In situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculations to elucidate reaction mechanisms.
  • Phenol polymerization and removal experiments.
  • Continuous-flow reactor studies for wastewater treatment.

Main Results:

  • The ≡Fe─N─Fe ≡ catalyst effectively generated PhO+ via PMS activation.
  • A unique ≡Fe-(μO─O)─Fe≡ intermediate facilitated two-step single-electron transfer from phenol.
  • PhO+-induced polymerization achieved an 81.8% transfer ratio, significantly higher than PhO•-mediated processes (35.0%).
  • Rapid phenol removal (98.1% in 3 min) and sustained high removal (>97% over 10 days) in continuous flow.

Conclusions:

  • The study presents an atomic-level design for controlling oxidation pathways.
  • The developed catalyst offers a sustainable route for water purification by eliminating pollutants and recovering carbon resources.
  • This approach provides a highly efficient method for treating phenolic wastewater.