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Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers

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Upconversion Nanoparticle-Guided Virtual Deformable Mirror for Computational Adaptive Optics in Scattering

Weilong Kong¹, Yu Huang², Congyi Feng¹

¹School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China.

|June 23, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We developed virtual deformable mirror adaptive optics (VDM-AO), a digital method for correcting deep-tissue optical aberrations. This technique uses upconversion nanoparticles as guide stars, enabling high-resolution imaging without complex hardware.

Keywords:

aberration correction adaptive optics deep learning upconversion nanoparticles

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Optics
Microscopy
Computational Imaging

Background:

Deep-tissue fluorescence microscopy suffers from optical aberrations, reducing image quality and resolution.
Conventional adaptive optics (AO) systems are complex, hardware-intensive, and limited in speed for photon-scarce deep-tissue imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel computational adaptive optics framework, virtual deformable mirror AO (VDM-AO), for digital aberration correction.
To enable high-resolution deep-tissue imaging without physical wavefront modulators.

Main Methods:

Developed a deep-learning framework (VDM-AO) integrating Zernike aberration modeling and a residual channel attention network.
Utilized dual-near-infrared lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as embedded guide stars for aberration sensing in scattering tissue.
Digitally reconstructed aberration-corrected images from distorted inputs.

Main Results:

VDM-AO successfully corrected severe optical aberrations in scattering tissue.
Achieved high-resolution fluorescence imaging at depths up to 360 μm.
Demonstrated accurate recovery of distorted images.

Conclusions:

VDM-AO offers a hardware-free, digital solution for aberration correction in deep-tissue microscopy.
The integration of UCNP guide stars with computational AO provides a low-cost, high-throughput method for reliable deep-tissue imaging.