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Related Concept Videos

Thermal Insulation in Masonry Walls01:22

Thermal Insulation in Masonry Walls

In hot, dry climates, the thermal mass of masonry walls can be beneficial, absorbing heat during the day and releasing it at night, thereby stabilizing indoor temperatures. However, in most other climates, additional insulation is necessary to enhance thermal resistance.
External insulation can be applied using an Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS), which involves affixing panels of plastic foam to the wall and covering them with a polymeric stucco reinforced with glass fiber mesh.
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.
Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Insulation Coordination01:23

Insulation Coordination

Insulation coordination is the process of matching electric equipment's insulation strength with protective device characteristics to protect the equipment against expected overvoltages. This selection is based on engineering judgment and cost. Equipment can generally withstand short-duration high transient overvoltages, but repeated tests with identical waveforms can yield inconsistent results. As a result, standard impulse voltage waveforms are used for testing, defined by specific times for...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Aesthetically Enhanced Silica Aerogel Via Incorporation of Laser Etching and Dyes
08:21

Aesthetically Enhanced Silica Aerogel Via Incorporation of Laser Etching and Dyes

Published on: March 12, 2021

Mechanically Robust Ceramic Aerogels for Radiative Cooling and Thermal Insulation.

Meng He1, Xiangyu Liu1, Pengli Li1

  • 1Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, State Key Laboratory of Polyolefins and Catalysis, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|June 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel ceramic aerogel offers 24-hour thermal management by integrating radiative cooling and insulation. This flexible material demonstrates exceptional mechanical strength and an ultrawide temperature range, crucial for aerospace and electronics.

Keywords:
ceramic aerogelelectrospinningradiative coolingthermal insulation

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Published on: February 28, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Energy

Background:

  • Global energy consumption for heating and cooling contributes to environmental issues.
  • Existing materials for radiative cooling and thermal insulation have limited temperature ranges and mechanical stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a flexible, ultralow-density ceramic aerogel with integrated radiative cooling and thermal insulation properties.
  • To overcome the limitations of existing materials in terms of working temperature range and mechanical robustness.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a flexible HfO2-ZrO2-SiO2 ceramic aerogel using a modified electrospinning method.
  • Characterization of optical properties (solar reflectance, infrared emittance), thermal conductivity, and mechanical strength.
  • Testing under simulated lunar environment conditions.

Main Results:

  • The ceramic aerogel exhibits high solar reflectance (98.0%) and infrared emittance (98.4%) for radiative cooling.
  • Achieved ultralow thermal conductivity (24.7 mW m−1 K−1) for 24-hour thermal insulation.
  • Demonstrated excellent mechanical properties (245 kPa tensile strength, 1.47 MPa compressive strength) and an ultrawide working temperature range (-196°C to 1300°C).
  • In simulated lunar conditions, achieved ~50°C sub-ambient cooling and ~37.5°C above-ambient thermal retention, protecting electronics at -183°C.

Conclusions:

  • The developed ceramic aerogel provides a mechanically robust solution for 24-hour thermal management.
  • This material is suitable for low-energy consumption applications in aerospace, deep-space exploration, and high-precision instruments.