AI-Derived Smart Microneedle Systems for Advanced Wound Management: From Intelligent Sensing to Closed-Loop Therapy

As the primary barrier between the human body and the external environment, skin is susceptible to damage from multiple factors, making wound healing management a significant clinical challenge. Traditional wound care approaches mainly rely on passive dressings or mechanical closure devices, which lack the ability to dynamically monitor the wound microenvironment or regulate therapeutic interventions. In recent years, smart microneedle (MN) systems have emerged as a novel platform for advanced wound management because they provide minimally invasive access to the wound microenvironment while enabling localized drug delivery and biochemical sensing. However, the effective integration of sensing, therapy, and intelligent decision-making remains a critical challenge. In this review, we summarize recent advances in AI-assisted smart MN systems for advanced wound management from four interconnected perspectives: material innovation, MN structural engineering, fabrication technologies, and multifunctional integration. We further highlight emerging applications including therapeutic drug delivery, antibacterial intervention, wearable sensing platforms, and AI-driven closed-loop regulation. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities toward intelligent, personalized, and data-driven advanced wound management are highlighted.