Modular Bio-Integrated Materials and Devices for Advanced Theranostic Healthcare

Bio-integrated theranostic systems that combine sensing, analysis, interaction, and therapy are emerging as powerful platforms for personalized healthcare. Unlike conventional diagnostic or therapeutic devices, modular bio-integrated systems integrate body-conformal or implantable interfaces with analytical units, user-interaction platforms, and therapeutic modules to enable continuous monitoring, feedback-guided decision-making, and on-demand intervention. In this review, we summarize progress in modular bio-integrated theranostic systems (MBTS) from four functional perspectives. First, we discuss biophysical, biochemical, and multimodal sensing modules that provide physiological and molecular inputs across skin-interfaced, wound-integrated, ocular, oral, and implantable formats. We review analysis modules that convert sensor-derived signals into health-state assessments, risk estimates, and intervention guidance. Interactive interfaces and feedback modules are discussed, focusing on visual and graphical interfaces for data presentation and interactive feedback for user engagement and therapeutic response. Finally, programmable therapeutic modules for controlled drug delivery and nonpharmacological intervention are summarized, followed by biomedical implementations in drug delivery, neuromodulation, diabetes management, wound care, blood pressure regulation, and other healthcare scenarios. We further discuss engineering challenges related to module integration, bio-interface stability, power supply, data security, and cost-effective manufacturing. This review provides a modular framework for designing next-generation bio-integrated theranostic systems that connect sensing, analysis, interaction, and therapy within healthcare platforms.