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Understanding Multi-victimization: Identifying Socioecological Supports Among Adolescents.

Home
Understanding Multi-victimization: Identifying Socioecological Supports Among Adolescents.

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Understanding Multi-Victimization: Identifying Socioecological Supports Among Adolescents.

Emil K Smith^1,2, Rachel E Gartner³, Paul R Sterzing⁴

¹School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

The Journal of School Health

|June 24, 2026

View abstract on PubMed

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Transgender and gender-diverse adolescents (TGDA) face more multi-victimization. Enhancing socioecological support, like food security and parental monitoring, can reduce victimization for all youth, especially TGDA.

Keywords:

adolescent bullying gender identity sexual violence social support victimization

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Area of Science:

Adolescent Health
Sociology of Victimization
Public Health Interventions

Background:

Transgender and gender-diverse adolescents (TGDA) experience higher rates of multi-victimization compared to cisgender peers.
Socioecological supports are known to reduce victimization, but their specific protective role for TGDA against multi-victimization is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between socioecological supports and multi-victimization among adolescents.
To examine if socioecological supports offer differential protection against multi-victimization for TGDA compared to cisgender adolescents.

Main Methods:

Cross-sectional analysis of health risk behavior survey data from 4207 high school students.
Comparison of victimization rates and socioecological support levels (parental monitoring, social support, food/housing security) between TGDA and cisgender adolescents.

Statistical modeling to assess associations between socioecological support and victimization, accounting for school-level differences and gender interactions.

Main Results:

TGDA reported significantly higher rates of multi-victimization and lower levels of socioecological support than cisgender adolescents.
Increased socioecological support was associated with reduced multi-victimization across all student groups.
Food security demonstrated a stronger protective effect for cisgender girls compared to cisgender boys.

Conclusions:

Modifiable socioecological supports hold potential for reducing multi-victimization in adolescents.
TGDA exhibit lower support levels and higher multi-victimization rates, highlighting the urgent need for targeted interventions.
Schools play a crucial role in enhancing socioecological support to improve TGDA well-being.